Well done folks. Excellent piece of investigation! Keep up the great work. Pieces of dsDNA, no matter the size, encapsulated by transfection reagents (LNP, lipofectamine, FUGENE, OptiFect, polybrene, DEAE-dextran, GENEjuice) or chemically treated (CaCl2…still the best imo), are freaking dangerous on so many levels. DNA produced in bacteria have patterns that our cells recognize as foreign and therefore our immune system kicks into action when said DNA is introduced. This is basic, basic drug discovery concerns people! This is a top level concern for drug discovery. They know this…unequivocally. As you have eloquently pointed out, naked DNA is not the same as encapsulated DNA. This is basic knowledge for anyone who knows anything about modern molecular biology…Jeez!