Clyde Prestowitz- the Japanese did greatly curtail foreign presence. They made it extremely difficult for foreign corporations to invest or even to become suppliers to Japanese corporations. There was much less foreign presence in Japan than there has been in China, and I would guess that even today, the foreign presence in China is greater than that in Japan. Consider that the only foreign autos sold in Japan are high end German cars. There are no Korean, no American, no French or Italian cars. Japan remains a relatively closed market compared to the EU, the U.S., and even China.