I also don't blame bystanders. Something has conditioned them to override the urge to do something. I think the universal examples you give are important to show it is a universal phenomenon. But that also means that it is possible for one culture to have crrated forced that exert more restraint than another. The longer term implications on any such culture are what interest me. If a culture has developed, one way or another (and goodness knows China's history is so different from many countries') that inhibits a relatively higher proportion of people and leaders from 'jumping in' to help, is this a canary in the coalmine with bigger implications? I.e. for how China is perceiv