Classless Politics
Islamist Movements, the Left, and Authoritarian Legacies in Egypt
Columbia University Press
Classless Politics
Islamist Movements, the Left, and Authoritarian Legacies in Egypt
Columbia University Press
Since the 1970s, the Egyptian state has embarked on a far-reaching and destabilizing project of economic liberalization, reneging on its commitments to social welfare. Despite widespread socioeconomic grievances stemming from these policies, class politics and battles over wealth redistribution have largely been sidelined from elite-led national politics. Instead, conflicts over identity have raged, as Islamist movements became increasingly prominent political players.
Classless Politics offers a counterintuitive account of the relationship between neoliberal economics and Islamist politics in Egypt that sheds new light on the worldwide trend of “more identity, less class.” Hesham Sallam examines why Islamist movements have gained support at the expense of the left, even amid conflicts over the costs of economic reforms. Rather than highlighting the stagnancy of the left or the agility of Islamists, he pinpoints the historical legacies of authoritarian survival strategies. As the regime resorted to economic liberalization in the 1970s, it tacitly opened political space for Islamist movements to marginalize its leftist opponents. In the long run, this policy led to the fragmentation of opponents of economic reform, the increased salience of cultural conflicts within the left, and the restructuring of political life around questions of national and religious identity.
Historically rich and theoretically insightful, this book demonstrates how the participation of Islamist groups shapes the politics of neoliberal reform and addresses why economic liberalization since the 1970s has contributed to the surge in culture wars around the world today.
Classless Politics offers a counterintuitive account of the relationship between neoliberal economics and Islamist politics in Egypt that sheds new light on the worldwide trend of “more identity, less class.” Hesham Sallam examines why Islamist movements have gained support at the expense of the left, even amid conflicts over the costs of economic reforms. Rather than highlighting the stagnancy of the left or the agility of Islamists, he pinpoints the historical legacies of authoritarian survival strategies. As the regime resorted to economic liberalization in the 1970s, it tacitly opened political space for Islamist movements to marginalize its leftist opponents. In the long run, this policy led to the fragmentation of opponents of economic reform, the increased salience of cultural conflicts within the left, and the restructuring of political life around questions of national and religious identity.
Historically rich and theoretically insightful, this book demonstrates how the participation of Islamist groups shapes the politics of neoliberal reform and addresses why economic liberalization since the 1970s has contributed to the surge in culture wars around the world today.
Sallam has written a compelling and excellent book on the ways the structural conditions surrounding economic austerity measures shaped Islamist responses and successes in Egypt. Today, Egypt, like many other countries, sees “less class and more identity” in its everyday politics. This transformation is directly tied to the weakening of leftist parties and the dominance of neoliberalism. Sallam puts forth a rich book that captures the sentiments of elites and citizens as they embraced this new reality. Amaney A. Jamal, author of Of Empires and Citizens: Pro-American Democracy or No Democracy at All?
Classless Politics is a welcome addition for understanding the past fifty years of oppositional politics in Egypt. As the Islamists joined forces in the state’s neoliberal governing project as “opposition,” the left and class analysis were practically eliminated while socioeconomic inequalities expanded. This research not only provides a coherent history but also shows how this structure nurtured deeper divisions between opposition groups in the decades prior to the Egyptian Uprising. Classless Politics is a must-read for students of Egypt’s politics. Joshua Stacher, author of Watermelon Democracy: Egypt's Turbulent Transition
Acknowledgments
A Note on Transliteration
Introduction. More Identity, Less Class: Paths to Classless Politics
1. Inheriting Nasser’s Debts: The Rise and Fall of the Nasserist Social Pact
2. Islamist Incorporation in the State of Science and Faith
3. Sadat’s Brothers: Islamist Incorporation and the Autonomous Path
4. Nasser’s Comrades: State Guardianship and the Dependent Path
5. Islamist Incorporation, National Identity, and the Left: A Tale of Two Comrades
Conclusion. Reflections on the Legacies of Islamist Incorporation and the Post-Mubarak Politics
Appendix I. The Theoretical Argument, Key Concepts, and Central Assumptions
Appendix II. Critical Junctures and Path-Dependent Institutional Patterns
Notes
Bibliography
Index
A Note on Transliteration
Introduction. More Identity, Less Class: Paths to Classless Politics
1. Inheriting Nasser’s Debts: The Rise and Fall of the Nasserist Social Pact
2. Islamist Incorporation in the State of Science and Faith
3. Sadat’s Brothers: Islamist Incorporation and the Autonomous Path
4. Nasser’s Comrades: State Guardianship and the Dependent Path
5. Islamist Incorporation, National Identity, and the Left: A Tale of Two Comrades
Conclusion. Reflections on the Legacies of Islamist Incorporation and the Post-Mubarak Politics
Appendix I. The Theoretical Argument, Key Concepts, and Central Assumptions
Appendix II. Critical Junctures and Path-Dependent Institutional Patterns
Notes
Bibliography
Index