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The labor market is still red-hot — and it’s helping union organizers

New federal data out Tuesday shows there were more than 11 million job openings posted nationwide in July

Updated August 30, 2022 at 11:16 a.m. EDT|Published August 30, 2022 at 6:00 a.m. EDT
Workers rally April 24 in support of unionization in front of an Amazon warehouse on Staten Island. (Calla Kessler for The Washington Post )
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A red-hot labor market that has afforded workers more bargaining power with employers is fueling a string of recent union victories at high-profile U.S. companies. Workers have voted to unionize for the first time in recent weeks at Trader Joe’s and Chipotle. Unions have also made significant inroads at Amazon, Starbucks, Apple and REI, employers that have long resisted unionization.

Behind these small, but notable, victories is renewed popular support among Americans for the labor movement: Seventy-one percent of Americans approve of unions, matching a 53-year high, according to a Gallup poll released Tuesday.

The labor market showed signs of continued strength in July, with little change compared to recent months, as U.S. employers posted 11.2 million job openings, according to a monthly report released Tuesday by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The number of people who quit their jobs remained elevated although below its peak, at 2.7 percent, as record numbers of Americans continue to reconsider their employment options.

The report offered signs that workers will remain emboldened to engage in workplace activism. And for now, the labor market remains a continued area of strength for an economy showing some signs of souring.

“The labor market by conventional metrics is very tight. Hires are still a lot high historically. Quits are very high,” said Guy Berger, principal economist at LinkedIn. “Workers see a lot of opportunities. The temperature of the labor market is still really hot.”

Economists say that calming recession fears has given employers renewed confidence in their ability to expand their workforces. Layoffs in July also remained constant, with little signs of change over the past year.

“In the short- to medium-term, if you’re a company and your foot was on the brakes, you might lift it a little,” Berger said. “If people aren’t as worried, they won’t pull back as much.”

What remains to be seen is whether the job market will stay strong as the Federal Reserve pushes to cool inflation with interest rate hikes. In a speech in Jackson Hole, Wyo., last week, central bank chief Jerome H. Powell acknowledged that the rate hikes would likely inflict “some pain” on businesses and households and probably weaken the labor market.

Another jobs report will follow on Friday, which should help give a clearer picture of the labor market. The July jobs report shocked many economists: Employers added 528,000 jobs, shattering expectations. As the Fed begins to succeed at slowing increases in gas and food prices, the labor market is a bigger question. Some forecasters predict that Friday’s report will show a significant decline in job growth in August.

Economists say tight labor markets tend to give workers more leverage to form unions and to demand higher wages and better working conditions, while downturns leave workers less willing to make collective demands of their employers.

“Unless the labor market cools off a lot, there’s going to continue to be a lot of workers demanding collective bargaining power,” Berger said.

Still, even a cooling-off economy would not necessarily undo cultural shifts that have resulted in the rising popularity of unions, particularly among young, college-educated workers.

“Could labor activism be affected by a slowdown? Of course,” said Julia Pollak, chief economist at Zip Recruiter. “When people become more nervous about the availability of alternatives, they become less likely to rock the boat. Do I think this moment has caused permanent shifts? Certainly. Some of this will last.”

Despite a 56 percent uptick in filings for union elections nationwide in the first three quarters of the 2022 fiscal year, labor experts say that many of these victories at major employers such as Amazon and Starbucks are mostly symbolic, covering a mere sliver of these companies’ enormous workforces. Meanwhile, although support for unions has been steadily increasing since the pandemic, union membership in the United States declined last year; only 1 in 10 workers are union members. (Amazon founder and executive chairman Jeff Bezos owns The Washington Post.)

“There’s still a huge disconnect between this recent organizing wave and long-term national membership trends,” said John Logan, a labor studies professor at San Francisco State University. “The real significance of these campaigns is not in the number of new members, which is pretty meaningless, but the excitement, optimism and inspiration they generate in some sections of the labor force — especially among young, politicized, educated workers in the low-wage service sector.”

Atulya Dora-Laskey, a 23-year-old crew member at a Chipotle in Lansing, Mich., that voted unionize last week, said members of his generation support unions because of how “dire” their working conditions have gotten.

“This felt like an impossible task at the beginning, and having gotten this far is quite incredible,” Dora-Laskey said. “We are up against a lot of opposing forces, and at the same time, we are realizing there are more workers than there are people who are exploiting us. That’s the ultimate advantage. Through unionizing, we’ve seen that power.”

But all of the major companies that employ workers trying to organize have come out against unionization, and some haven’t moved to bargain collectively with unions after victories have been declared.

In April, Amazon warehouse workers in Staten Island voted to join an independent labor union, the first union victory at the nation’s second-largest employer. The victory occurred at a warehouse with roughly 5,000 employees. Still, Amazon has refused to recognize the union and appealed the election results, and the case could be held up in court for months.

Last week, a Chipotle location with 16 eligible union members in Lansing, Mich., voted to unionize with the Teamsters. But Chipotle has roughly 3,000 locations nationwide, and that victory is largely irrelevant unless it spreads.

Workers at Starbucks have won the most ground, successfully unionizing more than 220 locations and thousands of workers since late 2021, accounting for 31 percent of union election victories in the first half of 2022. But that’s still barely 2 percent of the coffee chain’s more than 10,000 locations in the United States.

Starbucks and CEO Howard Schultz have led a sophisticated campaign to derail the union drive, insisting that bargaining take place store-by-store, an enormous burden to the union, and arguing earlier this month that all mail-in elections should be suspended temporarily because of alleged misconduct by a National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) official. The union says the company has fired more than 75 union organizers. The NLRB accused Starbucks this month of illegally withholding raises and benefits from union workers to discourage union organizing, and a judge ordered that Starbucks reinstate seven fired union organizers at a store in Memphis.

Tens of thousands more workers have voted to join unions this year than in 2021, according to Bloomberg Law. Unions won 541 elections in the first half of 2022, covering more than 43,150 workers, the highest number of union victories in close to 20 years.

But union membership continues to decline in the United States, despite victories that have attracted national publicity. It remains unclear whether the surge in union election petitions will undo that trend this year. And the Gallup poll that found record support for unions also found that most Americans who aren’t in a union say they are “not interested at all” in joining one.

“If this wave of organizing is to translate into millions of new members, we need much stronger legal protection for the right to choose a union,” said Logan. “These kinds of campaigns at Amazon and Starbucks are also key to that. You’ll never get reform unless the public understands the issues, cares about them and believes they have a stake in the outcome.”