Pennsylvania House of Representatives special elections (May 16, 2023)

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On May 16, 2023, Republicans won a special election in House District 108, while Democrats won a special election in House District 163, and as a result, Democrats maintained a majority in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. The results of these elections determined majority control of the chamber.

Michael Stender (R) defeated Trevor Finn (D) and Elijah Scretching (L) in District 108 with 70% of the vote to Finn's 26% and Scretching's 4%. Heather Boyd (D) defeated Katie Ford (R) and Alfe Goodwin (L) in District 163 with 60% of the vote to Ford's 39% and Goodwin's 1%. Following the new members' swearing in, partisan control of the chamber would be 102 Democrats to 101 Republicans.

Pennsylvania House Democrats won 102 districts to Republicans' 101 as a result of the 2022 elections. Three Democratic representatives left office after those elections, giving Republicans a functional 101-99 seat majority to start the 2023 legislative session. Democratic candidates then won special elections in all three vacant districts on February 7, 2023, giving the party a majority. Zabel's resignation reduced the majority by one. Click here to view a chart listing the key events affecting the partisan control of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives since October 2022.

Stender defeated Finn and Scretching in District 108 to succeed Lynda Schlegel Culver (R), who resigned on February 28, 2023, after she won a special election in the Pennsylvania State Senate.[1] Finn was elected to the Montour County commission in 2004.[2] He said his campaign platforms were "economic development, [advancing] the cause of all citizens, and protecting our small town heritage."[3] Stender was elected as an at-large member of the Shikellamy School Board in 2021.[4] Stender's campaign website said, "he supports American energy independence, backs our workers and small businesses and works to bring fiscal responsibility to state government."[5] As of the election, Scretching was a U.S. Marine Corps veteran. He said, "I love my family, my state, and my country, and I’m ready to continue serving."[6]

Boyd defeated Ford and Goodwin to succeed Michael Zabel (D) — who resigned on March 16, 2023 — in District 163.[7] Boyd worked as the district director for U.S. Rep. Mary Gay Scanlon (D) and said she was running "to make sure that every person and family in our district gets the resources and representation they deserve. ... [I] will fight for laws and budgets that serve the district."[8] Ford was a special needs instructor and said one of her priorities "will be to fight for the increased funding needed to properly educate our children, including those with special needs. ... Public safety, adequate funding, and training for law enforcement will also be a top priority."[9] Goodwin previously worked as a police officer, was a brigade command chaplain, and founded Follow Your Bliss LLC.[10] She said, "This is a wonderful opportunity for voters to take a second look and re-consider not only who we vote for but why we vote in the first place."[6]

According to CNalysis, in the 2020 presidential election under current district boundaries, Donald Trump (R) would have received 65% of the vote in District 108, while Joe Biden (D) would have received 62% of the vote in District 163.[11] At the time of the 2023 elections, District 108 included all of Montour County and part of Northumberland County, and District 163 included part of Delaware County. To view Districts 108 and 163 before and after redistricting, click here.

As of these elections, Pennsylvania was one of 11 states with a divided government. Democrats were in the majority in the state House, and Gov. Josh Shapiro was a Democrat. Republicans controlled the state Senate.

To learn more about other special elections in Pennsylvania this year, click here.

Candidates and election results

District 108

General election

Special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108

Michael Stender defeated Trevor Finn and Elijah Scretching in the special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108 on May 16, 2023.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Michael-Stender.PNG
Michael Stender (R)
 
58.4
 
6,600
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/finntrevor.jpg
Trevor Finn (D)
 
38.2
 
4,318
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/scretchingelijah.jpg
Elijah Scretching (L)
 
3.5
 
393

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 11,311
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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District 163

General election

Special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163

Heather Boyd defeated Katie Ford and Alfe Goodwin in the special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163 on May 16, 2023.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Heather-Boyd.PNG
Heather Boyd (D)
 
60.2
 
9,415
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/fordkatie2.jpg
Katie Ford (R)
 
38.6
 
6,040
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Alfe_Goodwin.png
Alfe Goodwin (L)
 
1.2
 
194

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 15,649
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Candidate comparison

District 108

Candidate profiles

This section includes candidate profiles created in one of two ways: either the candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, or Ballotpedia staff compiled a profile based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements after identifying the candidate as noteworthy. For more on how we select candidates to include, click here.

Trevor Finn

Image of Trevor Finn

WebsiteFacebook

Party: Democratic Party

Incumbent: No

Political Office: 

Montour County Commissioner (Assumed office: 2004)

Biography:  Finn has served as a commissioner of Montour County since 2004. He has also worked at his family's business, Finn’s News Agency, served as operations chief and facilities commissioner of the Montour County Emergency Management Agency, and worked as an EMT and volunteer firefighter.


Key Messages

The following key messages were curated by Ballotpedia staff. For more on how we identify key messages, click here.

Finn said he would "foster industrial expansion to create fair wage positions, incentivize commercial and entrepreneurial opportunities, encourage affordable alternative energy, and grow trade and workforce development." 

Finn said he would advance the cause of all citizens by reducing recidivism, upholding the Bill of Rights, building mental health support, protecting free elections, and representing taxpayers. 

Finn advocated for protecting District 108's small town heritage. He said he would "invest into our family farms...develop broadband expansion...increase stability in volunteer fire service, ensure emergency response, enhance infrastructure..."

Show sources

Sources: Trevor Finn State Representative, "Home," accessed April 16, 2023; Montour County, "Office of the County Commissioners," accessed April 17, 2023

This information was current as of the candidate's run for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108 in 2023.

Michael Stender

Image of Michael Stender

WebsiteFacebook

Party: Republican Party

Incumbent: No

Political Office: 

Shikellamy School District, At-large (Assumed office: 2022)

Biography:  Stender received a bachelor's degree from Bloomsburg University. Stender has served as a member of the Shikellamy School Board and worked as a firefighter. He has also served as an EMT with the Americus Hose Company and as an EMS system coordinator for the Susquehanna EHS Council.


Key Messages

The following key messages were curated by Ballotpedia staff. For more on how we identify key messages, click here.

Stender highlighted economic development by campaigning to fight for workers and small businesses, support American energy independence, and ensure fiscal responsibility within the state government. 

Stender said he, "shares our strong family values and will defend our pro-life and Second Amendment values, and...will defend our constitutional rights."

As a firefighter and former EMT, Stender said he would "improve public safety for the residents of Northumberland and Montour counties." This would include recruitment and retention programs that allow public safety volunteers to take both online and community college courses.

Show sources

Sources: Pennsylvania Capital-Star, "Special elections on primary day will fill two Pa. House seats; meet the candidates," April 17, 2023; Michael Stender State House, "Home," accessed April 16, 2023; LinkedIn, "Michael A. Stender," accessed April 16, 2023

This information was current as of the candidate's run for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108 in 2023.

Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey responses

Ballotpedia asks all federal, state, and local candidates to complete a survey and share what motivates them on political and personal levels. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.

No candidate in this race has completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey. Ballotpedia is seeking 100 percent participation so voters can learn more about all the candidates on their ballots.

Campaign ads

Democratic Party Trevor Finn

Ballotpedia did not come across any campaign ads for Trevor Finn while conducting research on this election. If you are aware of any ads that should be included, please email us.


Republican Party Michael Stender

Ballotpedia did not come across any campaign ads for Michael Stender while conducting research on this election. If you are aware of any ads that should be included, please email us.


Libertarian Party Elijah Scretching

Ballotpedia did not come across any campaign ads for Elijah Scretching while conducting research on this election. If you are aware of any ads that should be included, please email us.


District 163

Candidate profiles

This section includes candidate profiles created in one of two ways: either the candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, or Ballotpedia staff compiled a profile based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements after identifying the candidate as noteworthy. For more on how we select candidates to include, click here.

Heather Boyd

Image of Heather Boyd

WebsiteTwitter

Party: Democratic Party

Incumbent: No

Political Office: 

Upper Darby School District school board At-large (2015-2018) 

Biography:  Boyd earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan and master's degrees from James Madison University and the University of Delaware. She served as the district director and senior advisor to U.S. Rep. Mary Gay Scanlon (D). She also worked as a high school and college teacher, chief of staff to state Rep. Leanne Krueger (D), and founded the Delaware County Chapter of NOW.


Key Messages

The following key messages were curated by Ballotpedia staff. For more on how we identify key messages, click here.

Boyd referenced her experience as a former member of the Upper Darby School Board, saying she "will fight for laws and budgets that serve the district and will be an advocate for every resident who seeks services from the state of Pennsylvania."

Speaking to the Pennsylvania Capital-Star, Boyd said she "sees education funding as the most pressing issue for the state Legislature this session following the landmark court decision declaring Pennsylvania’s system of funding public schools unconstitutional."

Boyd highlighted the overturning of Roe v. Wade when speaking of the importance of preserving reproductive healthcare, to include a woman's right to bodily autonomy. 

Show sources

Sources: Pennsylvania Capital-Star, "Special elections on primary day will fill two Pa. House seats; meet the candidates," April 17, 2023; LinkedIn, "Heather Boyd," accessed April 16, 2023; Heather Boyd for State Representative, "Meet Heather Boyd," accessed April 16, 2023

This information was current as of the candidate's run for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163 in 2023.

Katie Ford

Image of Katie Ford

WebsiteFacebookYouTube

Party: Republican Party

Incumbent: No

Political Office: None

Biography:  Ford earned a bachelor's degree from the Pennsylvania State University and a master's degree from Arizona State University. Ford served in the U.S. Army Reserve as a combat medic and volunteered for the Lansdowne Fire Company's ambulance unit. Ford has worked as a special instructor for early intervention and as a behavioral therapist.


Key Messages

The following key messages were curated by Ballotpedia staff. For more on how we identify key messages, click here.

Citing her work experience as a special needs instructor, Ford said, "one of my top priorities in the Pennsylvania House will be to fight for the increased funding needed to properly educate our children, including those with special needs."

Ford said she would focus on public safety by prosecuting criminals and stopping the supply of drugs. 

Speaking to the Pennsylvania Capital-Star, Ford highlighted her volunteerism within her community and said, "I’m not a political insider making a big taxpayer-funded salary; I’m a commonsense working mom who helps children with special needs."

Show sources

Sources: Pennsylvania Capital-Star, "Special elections on primary day will fill two Pa. House seats; meet the candidates," April 17, 2023; Facebook, "Katie Ford for PA 163rd," March 24, 2023; Katie Ford State Representative, "Meet Katie Ford," accessed April 16, 2023

This information was current as of the candidate's run for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163 in 2023.

Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey responses

Ballotpedia asks all federal, state, and local candidates to complete a survey and share what motivates them on political and personal levels. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.

No candidate in this race has completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey. Ballotpedia is seeking 100 percent participation so voters can learn more about all the candidates on their ballots.

Campaign ads

Democratic Party Heather Boyd

Ballotpedia did not come across any campaign ads for Heather Boyd while conducting research on this election. If you are aware of any ads that should be included, please email us.


Republican Party Katie Ford
April 14, 2023


Libertarian Party Alfe Goodwin

Ballotpedia did not come across any campaign ads for Alfe Goodwin while conducting research on this election. If you are aware of any ads that should be included, please email us.


Election competitiveness

Polls

See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls

We provide results for polls that are included in polling aggregation from FiveThirtyEight and RealClearPolitics, when available. No polls were available for this election. To notify us of polls published in this election, please email us.

Endorsements

See also: Ballotpedia: Our approach to covering endorsements

Click the links below to see official endorsement lists published on candidate campaign websites for any candidates that make that information available. If you are aware of a website that should be included, please email us.

District 163

Election spending

Campaign finance

Candidates in this election submitted campaign finance reports to the Pennsylvania Department of State. Click here to access those reports.

Satellite spending

See also: Satellite spending

Satellite spending describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[12][13][14]

If available, this section includes links to online resources tracking satellite spending in this election. To notify us of a resource to add, email us.

Election context

Timeline of control of Pennsylvania House of Representatives

The following chart identifies the key events affecting the partisan control of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from October 2022 until the special elections:

District 108 history

2022

See also: Pennsylvania House of Representatives elections, 2022

General election

General election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108

Incumbent Lynda Schlegel Culver won election in the general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108 on November 8, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Lynda-Culver.jpg
Lynda Schlegel Culver (R)
 
100.0
 
21,915

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 21,915
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Republican primary election

Republican primary for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108

Incumbent Lynda Schlegel Culver advanced from the Republican primary for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108 on May 17, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Lynda-Culver.jpg
Lynda Schlegel Culver
 
100.0
 
8,890

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 8,890
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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2020

See also: Pennsylvania House of Representatives elections, 2020

General election

General election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108

Incumbent Lynda Schlegel Culver won election in the general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108 on November 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Lynda-Culver.jpg
Lynda Schlegel Culver (R)
 
100.0
 
27,354

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 27,354
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Republican primary election

Republican primary for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108

Incumbent Lynda Schlegel Culver advanced from the Republican primary for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108 on June 2, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Lynda-Culver.jpg
Lynda Schlegel Culver
 
100.0
 
7,815

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 7,815
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.



District 163 history

2022

See also: Pennsylvania House of Representatives elections, 2022

General election

General election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163

Incumbent Michael Zabel defeated Kenneth P. Rucci and Alfe Goodwin in the general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163 on November 8, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Michael Zabel (D)
 
65.0
 
16,448
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Kenneth_P._Rucci.jpg
Kenneth P. Rucci (R)
 
33.4
 
8,450
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Alfe_Goodwin.png
Alfe Goodwin (L)
 
1.6
 
399

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 25,297
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163

Incumbent Michael Zabel advanced from the Democratic primary for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163 on May 17, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Michael Zabel
 
100.0
 
5,678

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 5,678
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163

Kenneth P. Rucci advanced from the Republican primary for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163 on May 17, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Kenneth_P._Rucci.jpg
Kenneth P. Rucci
 
100.0
 
4,949

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 4,949
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

2020

See also: Pennsylvania House of Representatives elections, 2020

General election

General election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163

Incumbent Michael Zabel defeated Michael McCollum in the general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163 on November 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Michael Zabel (D)
 
60.3
 
22,259
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Michael McCollum (R)
 
39.7
 
14,680

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 36,939
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163

Incumbent Michael Zabel advanced from the Democratic primary for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163 on June 2, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Michael Zabel
 
100.0
 
9,129

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 9,129
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Republican primary election

Republican primary for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163

Michael McCollum advanced from the Republican primary for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163 on June 2, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Michael McCollum
 
100.0
 
5,784

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 5,784
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.



Redistricting

District 108 map

Below is the district map in effect before and after the 2020 redistricting cycle.

Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108
until November 30, 2022

Click a district to compare boundaries.

Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108
starting December 1, 2022

Click a district to compare boundaries.

District 163 map

Below is the district map in effect before and after the 2020 redistricting cycle.

Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163
until November 30, 2022

Click a district to compare boundaries.

Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163
starting December 1, 2022

Click a district to compare boundaries.

Special elections throughout the country

See also: State legislative special elections, 2023

In 2023, 53 state legislative special elections were scheduled in 21 states. Between 2011 and 2021, an average of 74 special elections took place each year.

Breakdown of 2023 special elections

In 2023, special elections for state legislative positions were held for the following reasons:

  • 10 due to appointment, election, or the seeking of election to another position
  • 32 due to resignation
  • 9 due to the death of the incumbent
  • 2 due to removal from office

Impact of special elections on partisan composition

The partisan breakdown for the special elections was as follows:

As of April 1, 2024, Republicans controlled 54.93% of all state legislative seats nationally, while Democrats held 44.46%. Republicans held a majority in 56 chambers, and Democrats held the majority in 40 chambers. Two chambers (Alaska House and Alaska Senate) were organized under multipartisan, power-sharing coalitions. Control of the Michigan House of Representatives is split.

Partisan balance of all 7,386 state legislative seats
Legislative chamber Democratic Party Republican Party Grey.png Other Vacant
State senates 847 1,115 4 7
State houses 2,433 2,941 19 20
Total: 3,280

4,056

23

27


The table below details how many seats changed parties as the result of a special election in 2023. The number on the left reflects how many vacant seats were originally held by each party, while the number on the right shows how many vacant seats each party won in the special elections.

Note: This table reflects information for elections that were held and not the total number of vacant seats.

Partisan Change from Special Elections (2023)
Party As of Special Election After Special Election
     Democratic Party 33 33
     Republican Party 20 20
     Independent 0 0
Total 53 53

Flipped seats

In 2023, four seats flipped as a result of state legislative special elections.

Seats flipped from D to R

Seats flipped from R to D


2023 battleground elections

See also: Battlegrounds

This election was a battleground race. Other 2023 battleground elections included:

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ pennlive.com, "Schlegel Culver seated in Pa. Senate, leaving House with an open seat," February 28, 2023
  2. ↑ Montour County, "Office of the County Commissioners," accessed May 1, 2023
  3. ↑ Trevor Finn State Representative, "Home," accessed May 7, 2023
  4. ↑ The Daily Item, "Four elected to board at Shikellamy," November 2, 2021
  5. ↑ Michael Stender State House, "Home," accessed April 2, 2023
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Libertarian Party of Pennsylvania, "Libertarians Enter Special Elections For 108th & 163rd," March 30, 2023
  7. ↑ Spotlight PA, "Pa. House lawmaker accused of sexual harassment says he will resign," March 8, 2023
  8. ↑ Twitter, "PA House Dems," March 27, 2023
  9. ↑ Politics PA, "Delco GOP Picks Ford As Candidate For HD-163," March 24, 2023
  10. ↑ LinkedIn, "Alfeia DeVaughn- Goodwin, Ph.D., MPHL, MAR.," accessed April 19, 2023
  11. ↑ CNalysis, "2020 Presidential by 2020s Legislative Districts," accessed April 2, 2023
  12. ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed December 12, 2021
  13. ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed December 12, 2021
  14. ↑ National Review.com, "Why the Media Hate Super PACs," December 12, 2021
  15. ↑ Pennsylvania Voter Services, "Candidate listing," accessed August 31, 2016
  16. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of State, "November 8, 2016, official election results," accessed May 17, 2017
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Pennsylvania Secretary of State, "Election Information," accessed February 18, 2016
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Pennsylvania Department of State, "2016 Presidential Primary," accessed August 2, 2016
  19. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of State, "Write in winners from April 26, 2016, primary election," accessed June 9, 2016
  20. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of State, "Official primary results for May 20, 2014," accessed July 9, 2014
  21. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of State, "2014 Official Candidate Listing," accessed March 21, 2014
  22. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of State, "2014 General Election," accessed December 5, 2014
  23. ↑ "Pennsylvania Secretary of State - Official General Election Results," accessed November 4, 2013
  24. ↑ "Pennsylvania Secretary of State - Official Primary Election Results," accessed November 4, 2013
  25. ↑ Pennsylvania Voter Services, "Candidate listing," accessed August 31, 2016
  26. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of State, "November 8, 2016, official election results," accessed May 17, 2017
  27. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of State, "Official primary results for May 20, 2014," accessed July 9, 2014
  28. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of State, "2014 Official Candidate Listing," accessed March 21, 2014
  29. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of State, "2014 General Election," accessed December 5, 2014
  30. ↑ "Pennsylvania Secretary of State - Official General Election Results," accessed November 4, 2013
  31. ↑ "Pennsylvania Secretary of State - Official Primary Election Results," accessed November 4, 2013
v • e
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