The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 deputized local officials, denied the accused a jury, and paid the decider $10 to send them South and $5 to let them go.

ICE now has more than 1,100 agreements deputizing local police, up from 135 in December 2024. Congress put $45 billion into detention.

I said this on a podcast. The White House put my name in a federal report over it.

I don't have an institution behind me. I have this page and a bibliography.

Less than 5% of the people reading are paid supporters. If you can be one, it keeps this work free for everyone who can't.