This isn’t any help with posing the concepts as a math equation—Mark’s formulation is especially well put—but perhaps helpful to recall a simple explanation made by the Fields sisters: “class and race are concepts of a different order; they do not occupy the same analytical space, and thus cannot constitute explanatory alternatives to each other.”

Btw, I asked ChatGPT to explain Mark’s equation and present a snippet of the explanation below: “the result of applying the function Class to a specific set of inputs suggests that identity is not an additive sum of traits but the structured output or position resulting from the way these traits are mediated through class.” ChatGPT then goes on to offer a conceptual meaning to the above: “class is not just one identity category among others, but the organizing principle (the function) through which the meanings and material effects of other identities are constructed and experienced.”