beautifully written historical exegesis on the roots of socialist thought in Islam and its importance today. if i may add, too many people continue to incorrectly label Marx’s writings (or Communism writ large) as inherently exclusionary to religious or spiritual groups, often attributing this strain of thinking to the consistently-misinterpreted ‘opium of the masses’ line in the Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. in my view these groups are actually ripe for coalition-building, especially as a firm rejection of the co-optation of countless theological tendencies by Statecraft ministers for influence, (neo)colonial domination, and capital accumulation - which is most obviously evidenced by Zionism, the Arab monarchies and comprador classes, and the Christian Right.