As you note, Galileo was convicted of heresy, a religious crime, since heliocentricism went contrary to the way the Bible was interpreted at that time. The Church wasn't inherently anti-science as is often portrayed today. Galileo had been warned over heliocentricism in the mid 1610s and cautioned to only discuss heliocentricism as a theory. The 'Dialogue' was very one-sided. The fact that the geocentric proponent was named 'Simplicio' (simpleton) didn't help matters, either. If Galileo had been more balanced in his book, he may have avoided the trouble he had evaded up to that time.