I think they're used for both, though in different ways. An any-hit shader gets invoked for any intersection with transparent geometry (learn.microsoft.com/en-…)

Agree with Simon, very helpful analysis! I found your interpretation of the B580 limiting its efforts for Path Tracing in very challenging cases like Cyberpunk to make a lot of sense. Even a 4090 is taxed significantly by CP2077 with everything turned up to the highest settings, and you explained well how Path Tracing costs a lot of bandwidth and compute that is then missing elsewhere. Boils down to the graphics (drivers) team choosing wisely which battles to fight. 11 FPS just don't look good …