MacIntyre was a relenteless critic of the “Enlightenment project” of developing a form of knowledge unshackled from tradition and history, and is probably best known for his seminal work, After Virtue (1981), a provocative critique of modern philosophy and indeed of the modern way of life, and a defence of an Aristotelian ideal of the well-lived human life, an ideal in which nature, virtue, and sociality featured prominently.