I’d just add that most oncologists don’t actually think this way anymore. The somatic mutation theory was an important framework, but our treatments have already moved well beyond it. The most impactful therapies of the last decade—checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cells, bispecifics—don’t target mutations at all. They harness the immune system, or reshape the tumor microenvironment.

SMT explains part of the story, but to keep describing cancer as only a genetic disease misses what’s really happening in the clinic today. We’ve learned cancer is genetic, yes, but also immunologic, metabolic, and systemic. Our patients are already being treated according to this broader view.