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100+ System Design Concepts you can revise in 5 minutes
Load Balancing - distribute traffic across multiple servers
Horizontal Scaling - add more machines for capacity
Vertical Scaling - increase resources of single server
Caching - store frequently accessed data temporarily
CDN - deliver content closer to users
Database Sharding - split database into smaller partitions
Replication - duplicate data across multiple nodes
Consistency Models - define data correctness guarantees
CAP Theorem - tradeoff between consistency availability partitioning
Eventual Consistency - data becomes consistent over time
Strong Consistency - immediate data consistency across nodes
Microservices - break system into smaller services
Monolith Architecture - single codebase for entire system
Service Discovery - dynamically locate service instances
API Gateway - single entry point for APIs
Rate Limiting - restrict number of incoming requests
Throttling - control request processing speed dynamically
Circuit Breaker - prevent cascading failures in systems
Bulkhead Pattern - isolate failures between components
Retry Mechanism - reattempt failed operations automatically
Timeouts - limit waiting time for responses
Message Queue - asynchronous communication between services
Pub/Sub - publish subscribe messaging pattern
Event Sourcing - store changes as sequence of events
CQRS - separate read and write models
Idempotency - same request produces same result
Distributed Transactions - manage transactions across services
Two Phase Commit - ensure atomic distributed transactions
Saga Pattern - manage long running transactions
Database Indexing - speed up query performance
Query Optimization - improve database query execution
Connection Pooling - reuse database connections efficiently
Data Partitioning - divide data across multiple nodes
Hot Partitioning - uneven load on specific partitions
Cold Start - delay in initializing services
Autoscaling - automatically adjust system capacity
Health Checks - monitor service availability status
Observability - logs metrics traces for monitoring
Logging - record system events and errors
Metrics - numerical system performance indicators
Tracing - track request flow across services
Backpressure - slow down producers when overloaded
Failover - switch to backup system automatically
Leader Election - choose master node dynamically
Consensus Algorithms - agree on distributed system state
Raft Algorithm - consensus using leader based approach
Paxos Algorithm - distributed consensus protocol
Zookeeper - coordinate distributed system services
Distributed Locking - control concurrent access to resources
Token Bucket - rate limiting algorithm using tokens
Leaky Bucket - smooth traffic bursts over time
Bloom Filter - probabilistic data membership structure
HyperLogLog - estimate unique counts efficiently
Load Shedding - drop requests under heavy load
Graceful Degradation - reduce functionality during failures
Blue Green Deployment - switch traffic between environments
Canary Deployment - gradual rollout to subset users
Rolling Deployment - update servers incrementally
Feature Flags - enable disable features dynamically
A/B Testing - compare feature variations with users
Multi Tenancy - serve multiple customers in system
Isolation Levels - database transaction isolation rules
Deadlock Handling - detect and resolve resource conflicts
Write Amplification - extra writes due to system design
Read Replicas - replicas for handling read traffic
Materialized Views - precomputed query results storage
Data Lake - store raw large scale data
Data Warehouse - structured analytics data storage
ETL Pipeline - extract transform load data process
Stream Processing - process real time data streams
Batch Processing - process data in large chunks
Lambda Architecture - combine batch and stream processing
Kappa Architecture - stream processing only architecture
Search Index - optimize data for search queries
Full Text Search - search textual content efficiently
Inverted Index - map terms to document locations
Pagination - divide results into pages
Cursor Pagination - use pointer instead of offset
Session Management - manage user session state
Stateless Services - no session stored on server
Stateful Services - maintain session on server
Authentication - verify user identity securely
Authorization - grant permissions to resources
OAuth - delegated access authorization protocol
JWT - token based authentication mechanism
Encryption - secure data using cryptography
TLS - secure communication over network
Firewall - control incoming outgoing traffic
DDoS Protection - mitigate distributed denial attacks
API Versioning - manage API evolution safely
Backward Compatibility - support older system versions
Forward Compatibility - support future system changes
Schema Migration - evolve database schema safely
Data Backup - store copies of important data
Disaster Recovery - restore system after failures
Geo Replication - replicate data across regions
Latency Optimization - reduce system response time
Throughput Optimization - increase processed requests rate
Cold Storage - store rarely accessed data cheaply
Hot Storage - store frequently accessed data fast
Object Storage - store unstructured data blobs
Block Storage - store data in fixed size blocks
File Storage - hierarchical file based storage system
Network Partition - communication breakdown between nodes
Split Brain - conflicting leaders in distributed system
Quorum - minimum nodes required for consensus
Edge Computing - process data near data source
Serverless - run code without managing servers
Function as a Service - execute functions on demand
Containerization - package app with dependencies
Orchestration - manage container deployment lifecycle
Kubernetes - container orchestration platform
Service Mesh - manage service communication layer
Sidecar Pattern - attach helper container to service
Zero Downtime Deployment - deploy without service interruption
Cold Backup - backup stored offline for safety
Warm Backup - partially ready backup system
Hot Backup - fully ready backup system
Traffic Routing - direct requests to services
Sticky Sessions - bind user to same server
Reverse Proxy - route requests to backend servers
Forward Proxy - client side request intermediary
Serialization - convert object to transferable format
Deserialization - reconstruct object from data format
Schema Registry - manage data schema versions centrally
Data Compression - reduce data size for transfer
Checksum - verify data integrity during transfer
