al-Samawʾal al-Maghribī /Samuel the Moroccan (d. 1174/75), a 12th-century polymath linked to the Maghrib/al-Andalus and active in the eastern Islamic world: physician and algebraist (al-Bāhir fī al-jabr), and author of the conversion-polemical Ifḥām al-Yahūd—a case study in how knowledge, identity, and argument travel across traditions.