5/9: Scalability
WhatsApp used diagonal scaling to keep the costs and operational complexity low.
They ran WhatsApp servers on the FreeBSD operating system.
They fine-tuned FreeBSD to accommodate 2 million+ connections per server.
6/9 Flywheel Effect
They measured the metrics such as CPU, context switches, and system calls. Then identified and eliminated the bottlenecks. They did this at regular intervals.