“In modern China, intellectual communities were largely divided along political and cultural ideological lines.

近代中国知识分子的共同体，基本上以各种政治和文化的意识形态为基本分野。

During the May Fourth period, for example, there were groups such as New Youth, the New Tide Society, the Reformist School, the Xueheng School, and the Young China Association.

比如五四时期的新青年、新潮社、改造派、学衡派和少年中国学会等。

At the same time, however, one can observe that within these intellectual circles, traditional ties of native place and modern ties formed through educational background played equally important roles in creating cohesion. The early core of New Youth, for instance, consisted largely of intellectuals from Anhui; key figures in the nationalist camp, such as Zeng Qi and Li Huang, were from Sichuan; the core members of the Modern Review group were British-educated students; and most members of the Xueheng School had studied at institutions such as Harvard. The interweaving of modern ideological identities, modern educational networks, and traditional kinship and regional ties formed a complex web of social relations.

但是，也可以发现在那些知识分子社团内部，传统的地缘和近代的学缘关系同时发挥着重要的凝聚作用，比如新青年早期群体基本上都是安徽籍的知识分子，国家主义派的核心成员曾琦、李璜等都是四川人，现代评论派的核心是留英学生，学衡派的主要成员都出身哈佛等。近代的意识形态认同、近代的学缘关系与传统的血缘、地缘关系的相互镶嵌，构成了复杂的人际交往网络。”

《The Intellectual Community of Modern China有为有守—近代中国的知识人社会》Xu Jilin et al. 许纪霖等